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Adjustment - Official action normally by either change in the internal economic policies to correct a payment imbalance or in the official currency rate or. Adjustment - Official action normally by either change in the internal economic policies to correct a payment imbalance or in the official currency rate or.
Arbitrage - The purchase or sale of an instrument and simultaneous taking of an equal and opposite position in a related market, in order to take advantage of small price differentials between markets.
Accrual - The apportionment of premiums and discounts on forward exchange transactions that relate directly to deposit swap (Interest Arbitrage) deals , over the period of each deal.
At best - An instruction given to a dealer to buy or sell at the best rate that can be obtained.
At or better - An order to deal at a specific rate or better.
Appreciation - A currency is said to 'appreciate' when it strengthens in price in response to market demand.
Ask (offer) price - The price at which the market is prepared to sell a specific Currency in a Foreign Exchange Contract or Cross Currency Contract. At this price, the trader can buy the base currency. In the quotation, it is shown on the right side of the quotation. For example, in the quote USD/CHF 1.4527/32, the ask price is 1.4532; meaning you can buy one US dollar for 1.4532 Swiss francs.
Base Currency - The first currency in a Currency Pair. It shows how much the base currency is worth as measured against the second currency. For example, if the USD/CHF rate equals 1.6215 then one USD is worth CHF
Book - In a professional trading environment, a 'book' is the summary of a trader's or desk's total positions.
Broker - An individual or firm that acts as an intermediary, putting together buyers and sellers for a fee or commission. In contrast, a 'dealer' commits capital and takes one side of a position, hoping to earn a spread (profit) by closing out the position in a subsequent trade with another party.
Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 - An agreement that established fixed foreign exchange rates for major currencies, provided for central bank intervention in the currency markets, and pegged the price of gold at US $35 per ounce. The agreement lasted until 1971, when President Nixon overturned the Bretton Woods agreement and established a floating exchange rate for the major currencies.
Bundesbank, Buba – Germanys Central Bank .
Bull market – A market distinguished by rising prices.
Bar chart - A type of chart which consists of four significant points: the high and the low prices, which form the vertical bar, the opening price, which is marked with a little horizontal line to the left of the bar, and the closing price, which is marked with a little horizontal line of the right of the bar.
Bear market - A market distinguished by declining prices.
Bid/ask spread – The difference between bid and ask price.
Balance of trade - The value of a country's exports minus its imports.
Big figure quote - Dealer expression referring to the first few digits of an exchange rate. These digits are often omitted in dealer quotes.. For example, a USD/JPY rate might be 117.30/117.35, but would be quoted verbally without the first three digits i.e. "30/35".
Bid price - The bid is the price at which the market is prepared to buy a specific Currency in a Foreign Exchange Contract or Cross Currency Contract. At this price, the trader can sell the base currency. It is shown on the left side of the quotation. For example, in the quote USD/CHF 1.4527/32, the bid price is 1.4527; meaning you can sell one US dollar for 1.4527 Swiss francs.
Currency - Any form of money issued by a government or central bank and used as legal tender and a basis for trade.
Closed position, squared position - Exposures in Foreign Currencies that no longer exist. The process to close a position is to sell or buy a certain amount of currency to offset an equal amount of the open position. This will 'square' the postion.
Contagion - The tendency of an economic crisis to spread from one market to another. In 1997, political instability in caused high volatility in their domestic currency, the Rupiah. From there, the contagion spread to other Asian emerging currencies, and then to
Currency risk - the probability of an adverse change in exchange rates.
Cable - Trader jargon referring to the Sterling/US Dollar exchange rate. So called because the rate was originally transmitted via a transatlantic cable beginning in the mid 1800's.
Clearing - The process of settling a trade.
Commission - A transaction fee charged by a broker.
Contract - The standard unit of trading.
Cross currency pairs or cross rate - A foreign exchange transaction in which one foreign currency is traded against a second foreign currency. For example; EUR/GBP
Counter currency - The second listed Currency in a Currency Pair.
Collateral - Something given to secure a loan or as a guarantee of performance.
Currency pair - The two currencies that make up a foreign exchange rate. For Example, EUR/USD.
Confirmation - A document exchanged by counterparts to a transaction that states the terms of said transaction. Country risk - Risk associated with a cross-border transaction, including but not limited to legal and political conditions.
Cash market - The market in the actual financial instrument on which a futures or options contract is based.
Cleared funds - Funds that are freely available, sent in to settle a trade.
Currency symbols - CAD - Canadian Dollar EUR - Euro JPY - Japanese Yen GBP - British Pound CHF - Swiss FrancCounterparty - One of the participants in a financial transaction.
Central bank - A government or quasi-governmental organization that manages a country's monetary policy. For example, the central bank is the Federal Reserve, and the German central bank is the Bundesbank.
Chartist - An individual who uses charts and graphs and interprets historical data to find trends and predict future movements. Also referred to as Technical Trader.
Candlestick chart - A chart that indicates the trading range for the day as well as the opening and closing price. If the open price is higher than the close price, the rectangle between the open and close price is shaded. If the close price is higher than the open price, that area of the chart is not shaded. Devaluation - The deliberate downward adjustment of a currency's price, normally by official announcement. Deficit - A negative balance of trade or payments.
Dealer - An individual or firm that acts as a principal or counterpart to a transaction. Principals take one side of a position, hoping to earn a spread (profit) by closing out the position in a subsequent trade with another party. In contrast, a broker is an individual or firm that acts as an intermediary, putting together buyers and sellers for a fee or commission.
Depreciation - A fall in the value of a currency due to market forces.
Delivery - An FX trade where both sides make and take actual delivery of the currencies traded.
Derivative - A contract that changes in value in relation to the price movements of a related or underlying security, future or other physical instrument. An Option is the most common derivative instrument.
Euro - the currency of the European Monetary Union (EMU). A replacement for the European Currency Unit (ECU).
European Monetary
European Central Bank, ECB - the Central Bank for the new European Monetary Union.
End of day order - EOD - An order to buy or sell at a specified price. This order remains open until the end of the trading day which is typically 5PM ET.
Economic indicator - A government issued statistic that indicates current economic growth and stability. Common indicators include employment rates, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, retail sales, etc.
Forex, FX - the simultaneous buying of one currency and selling of another.
First In First Out - FIFO - Open positions are closed according to the FIFO accounting rule. All positions opened within a particular currency pair are liquidated in the order in which they were originally opened.
«Flat/Square» - Dealer jargon used to describe a position that has been completely reversed, e.g. you bought $500,000 then sold $500,000, thereby creating a neutral (flat) position.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - FDIC - The regulatory agency responsible for administering bank depository insurance in the .
Federal Reserve, Fed - The Central Bank for the .
Forward - The pre-specified exchange rate for a foreign exchange contract settling at some agreed future date, based upon the interest rate differential between the two currencies involved.
Forward points - The pips added to or subtracted from the current exchange rate to calculate a forward price.
Fundamental analysis - Analysis of economic and political information with the objective of determining future movements in a financial market.
Futures contract - An obligation to exchange a good or instrument at a set price on a future date. The primary difference between a Future and a Forward is that Futures are typically traded over an exchange (Exchange- Traded Contacts - ETC), versus forwards, which are considered Over The Counter (OTC) contracts. An OTC is any contract NOT traded on an exchange.
G7 - The seven leading industrial countries, being US , , , France, , ,
Gross Domestic Product - GDP - Total value of a country's output, income or expenditure produced within the country's physical borders..
Gross National Product - GNP - Gross domestic product plus income earned from investment or work abroad.
Going long - The purchase of a stock, commodity, or currency for investment or speculation.
Going short - The selling of a currency or instrument not owned by the seller.
Good Till Cancelled Order GTC - An order to buy or sell at a specified price. This order remains open until filled or until the client cancels.
Hit the bid - Acceptance of purchasing at the offer or selling at the bid.
Hedge - A position or combination of positions that reduces the risk of your primary position.
Intervention - Action by a central bank to effect the value of its currency by entering the market. Concerted intervention refers to action by a number of central banks to control exchange rates.
Inflation - An economic condition whereby prices for consumer goods rise, eroding purchasing power.
Initial margin - The initial deposit of collateral required to enter into a position as a guarantee on future performance.
Interbank rates - The Foreign Exchange rates at which large international banks quote other large international banks.
Kiwi - Slang for the dollar.
Liquidation - The closing of an existing position through the execution of an offsetting transaction.
Liquidity - The ability of a market to accept large transaction with minimal to no impact on price stability.
Limit order - An order with restrictions on the maximum price to be paid or the minimum price to be received. As an example, if the current price of USD/YEN is 117.00/05, then a limit order to buy USD would be at a price below 102. (ie 116.50)
London Inter-Bank Offered Rate - Banks use LIBOR when borrowing from another bank.
Leverage - Also called margin. The ratio of the amount used in a transaction to the required security deposit.
Leading indicators - Statistics that are considered to predict future economic activity.
Long position – A position that appreciates in value if market prices increase. When the base currency in the pair is bought, the position is said to be long.
Lot - A unit to measure the amount of the deal. The value of the deal always corresponds to an integer number of lots.
Margin - The required equity that an investor must deposit to collateralize a position.
Market maker - A dealer who regularly quotes both bid and ask prices and is ready to make a two-sided market for any financial instrument.
Mark-to-market - Process of re-evaluating all open positions with the current market prices. These new values then determine margin requirements.
Market risk - Exposure to changes in market prices.
Maturity - The date for settlement or expiry of a financial instrument.
Margin call - A request from a broker or dealer for additional funds or other collateral to guarantee performance on a position that has moved against the customer.
Net position - The amount of currency bought or sold which have not yet been offset by opposite transactions.
Over the counter - OTC - Used to describe any transaction that is not conducted over an exchange.
Offsetting transaction - A trade with which serves to cancel or offset some or all of the market risk of an open position.
Offer (ask) - The rate at which a dealer is willing to sell a currency. See Ask (offer) price Overnight position - A trade that remains open until the next business day.
Order - An instruction to execute a trade at a specified rate.
Open order - An order that will be executed when a market moves to its designated price. Normally associated with Good 'til Cancelled Orders.
Open position - An active trade with corresponding unrealized P&L, which has not been offset by an equal and opposite deal.
Position - The netted total holdings of a given currency.
Price transparency - Describes quotes to which every market participant has equal access.
Pips - The smallest unit of price for any foreign currency. Digits added to or subtracted from the fourth decimal place, i.e. 0.0001. Also called Points.
Profit/Loss, or P/L, or Gain/Loss - The actual "realized" gain or loss resulting fromtrading activities on Closed Positions, plus the theoretical "unrealized" gain or loss on Open Positions that have been Mark-to-Market.
Premium - In the currency markets, describes the amount by which the forward or futures price exceed the spot price.
Political risk - Exposure to changes in governmental policy which will have an adverse effect on an investor's position.
Quote - An indicative market price, normally used for information purposes only.
Risk management - the employment of financial analysis and trading techniques to reduce and/or control exposure to various types of risk.
Resistance level - A term used in technical analysis indicating a specific price level at which analysis concludes people will sell.
Risk - Exposure to uncertain change, most often used with a negative connotation of adverse change.
Rally - A recovery in price after a period of decline.
Roll-over - Process whereby the settlement of a deal is rolled forward to another value date. The cost of this process is based on the interest rate differential of the two currencies.
Revaluation - An increase in the exchange rate for a currency as a result of central bank intervention. Opposite of Devaluation.
Round trip - Buying and selling of a specified amount of currency.
Rate - The price of one currency in terms of another, typically used for dealing purposes.
Stop loss order - Order type whereby an open position is automatically liquidated at a specific price. Often used to minimize exposure to losses if the market moves against an investor's position. As an example, if an investor is long USD at 156.27, they might wish to put in a stop loss order for 155.49, which would limit losses should the dollar depreciate, possibly below 155.49.
Support levels - A technique used in technical analysis that indicates a specific price ceiling and floor at which a given exchange rate will automatically correct itself. Opposite of resistance.
Sterling - slang for British Pound.
Spot price - The current market price. Settlement of spot transactions usually occurs within two business days.
Spread - The difference between the bid and offer prices.
Swissy - Market slang for Swiss Franc.
Swap - A currency swap is the simultaneous sale and purchase of the same amount of a given currency at a forward exchange rate.
Settlement - The process by which a trade is entered into the books and records of the counterparts to a transaction. The settlement of currency trades may or may not involve the actual physical exchange of one currency for another.
Square - Purchase and sales are in balance and thus the dealer has no open position.
Short position - An investment position that benefits from a decline in market price. When the base currency in the pair is sold, the position is said to be short.
Transaction date - The date on which a trade occurs.
Technical analysis - An effort to forecast prices by analyzing market data, i.e. historical price trends and averages, volumes, open interest, etc.
Tomorrow next - Simultaneous buying and selling of a currency for delivery the following day.
Transaction cost - the cost of buying or selling a financial instrument.
Turnover - The total money value of all executed transactions in a given time period volume.
Two-way price - When both a bid and offer rate is quoted for a FX transaction.
Uptick - a new price quote at a price higher than the preceding quote.
Uptick rule - In the , a regulation whereby a security may not be sold short unless the last trade prior to the short sale was at a price lower than the price at which the short sale is executed.
US prime rate - The interest rate at which US banks will lend to their prime corporate customers.
Unrealized gain/loss - The theoretical gain or loss on Open Positions valued at current market rates, as determined by the broker in its sole discretion. Unrealized Gains' Losses become Profits/Losses when position is closed.
Variation margin - Funds a broker must request from the client to have the required margin deposited. The term usually refers to additional funds that must be deposited as a result of unfavorable price movements.
Volatility – A statistical measure of a market's price movements over time.
Value date - The date on which counterparts to a financial transaction agree to settle their respective obligations, i.e., exchanging payments. For spot currency transactions, the value date is normally two business days forward. Also known as maturity date.
Whipsaw - slang for a condition of a highly volatile market where a sharp price movement is quickly followed by a sharp reversal.
Yard - Slang for a billion.
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